Convento de Cristo sits on a wooded hilltop above the small town of Tomar in central Portugal. The site was granted to the Knights Templar in 1159 by the first king of Portugal, Afonso Henriques, in recognition of the order's military support during the reconquista. The Templar grand master Gualdim Pais founded the castle in 1160 and began construction of the round Charola — the order's church — in the 1180s. The Charola was modelled on the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock, both of which the Templars knew first-hand from their century-long presence in the crusader Holy Land.
When Pope Clement V dissolved the Knights Templar across Europe in 1312, King Dinis of Portugal refused to confiscate their lands. Instead he transferred the entire Templar holding — castle, lands, treasure and personnel — to a new chartered chivalric order, the Order of Christ, founded in 1319. The Order of Christ became the royal vehicle that financed and organised the Portuguese Age of Discoveries: Prince Henry the Navigator was its grand master from 1420 to 1460, and the Cross of the Order of Christ — a red cross with a white centre — was painted on the sails of every Portuguese caravel that explored the African coast and crossed the Atlantic.
Under King Manuel I in the early 1500s the convent was massively expanded: João de Castilho added the Manueline nave, the Chapter House, and the elaborate carved window on the Chapter House's west face — the Janela do Capítulo, the single most-photographed piece of stone carving in Portugal. The 16th-century convent buildings were extended again under King John III and again under Philip II of Spain during the Iberian Union. The result is eight cloisters and one of the most architecturally layered religious complexes in Europe. UNESCO inscribed it as a World Heritage Site in 1983.